Understanding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
By Dr Sanja Cook, General Practitioner, International Medical Clinic – Katong
Polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS, is one of the most common hormonal conditions affecting women of reproductive age. Globally, it is estimated that around 1 in 8 women live with PCOS. Despite how common it is, many women are unaware of the condition or unsure about the symptoms and long-term health implications.
PCOS is a complex hormonal condition that can affect reproductive, metabolic, and emotional health. At its core, it involves a hormonal imbalance—often including higher levels of androgens (sometimes referred to as male hormones, such as testosterone) and, in many cases, insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin.
These hormonal changes can disrupt how the ovaries function. As a result, women with PCOS may experience irregular or absent menstrual cycles, and some may find it more difficult to conceive. Other common symptoms include weight gain (often around the abdomen), acne, excess facial or body hair, and thinning hair on the scalp. However, PCOS can present very differently from one woman to another, which is why diagnosis can sometimes take time.
Diagnosis usually involves identifying two out of three key features: irregular or absent periods, signs of elevated androgen levels (either through symptoms or blood tests), and ovaries that appear polycystic on ultrasound or through hormone markers such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). In adult women, if irregular periods and androgen imbalance are present, additional imaging may not always be necessary. In adolescents, doctors apply more cautious diagnostic criteria to avoid over-diagnosis, as hormonal patterns during puberty can naturally fluctuate.
Importantly, PCOS is not only about fertility. The 2023 International Evidence-Based Guideline for PCOS, developed by more than 100 global experts and consumer representatives, highlights that the condition can also affect metabolic health, cardiovascular risk, sleep quality, and emotional wellbeing. This is why a holistic approach to care is so important.
While there is no single cure for PCOS, there are many ways to manage the condition effectively. Treatment is usually tailored to each woman’s health goals. Lifestyle measures, including a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight, can significantly improve symptoms and help reduce long-term health risks.
Medical treatments may also play a role. Hormonal contraception can help regulate menstrual cycles and protect the lining of the womb, while other medications may be used to address androgen-related symptoms or insulin resistance. For women who are planning a family, fertility support and treatments can also be considered as part of an individualised care plan.
With early diagnosis, better awareness, and personalised management, women with PCOS can take positive steps to support their health and wellbeing at every stage of life.
If you are experiencing irregular periods, persistent acne, unexplained weight gain, or concerns about fertility, it may be worth discussing these symptoms with a doctor.
To learn more or to arrange a consultation, book an appointment with Dr Sanja Cook at IMC Katong, by calling 6733 4440 or via our website www.imc-healthcare.com where we provide personalised care for women’s health and hormonal conditions.
